Kajiado Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) during the drafting of the Universal Periodic Review in Kajiado County

Every five years, the Universal Periodic Review (UPR), a unique intergovernmental peer-review system, assesses the human rights records of all 194 United Nations Members. Regardless of a State's size or political power, the Human Rights Council oversees this State-driven procedure that guarantees that each State's full human rights record is examined under the same guidelines. Every State has the chance to report on the steps they have taken to uphold their duties and advance human rights inside their boundaries through the UPR. It is intended to ensure that each nation is treated equally when its human rights conditions are evaluated.

Kenya Human Rights Commission (KHRC), East African Center for Human Rights (EACH Rights), and Arid Lands Information Network (ALIN), with support from Oxfam IBIS Project named "Democracy, Just Societies and Climate Justice." gathered together Civil Society Organisations involved in climate change from Kilifi and Kajiado counties for Universal Periodic Review (UPR) Recommendations for Climate Change Drafting Workshops in both counties. This is the first UPR cycle featuring climate change recommendations.

Under the UPR procedure, the United Nations Human Rights Council has evaluated Kenya's human rights record three times. Kenya got 253 recommendations from the first cycle in 2010 and the second cycle in 2015, of which 192 (76%) were accepted by the government. Kenya earned 319 recommendations in the third cycle, which concluded on January 23, 2020, an increase over the previous cycle. Of these proposals, the administration took note of 53 and accepted 261. In June 2020, the United Nations Human Rights Council formally endorsed the review's result document. In April 2025, Kenya is currently undergoing its fourth cycle review.

While national NGOs and Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) have traditionally been more engaged in this process, sub-national organizations often lack the necessary knowledge and experience to effectively participate. This gap is problematic, particularly in areas like climate change, which is not just a national issue but a global one with far-reaching implications.

Climate change is a critical thematic area that intersects with numerous human rights, including the right to health, food, water, and even life itself. As such, it is essential that CSOs at all levels, including sub-national organizations, take a leading role in this area within the UPR process. By doing so, they can ensure that climate-related issues are adequately addressed in national policies and that countries are held accountable for their international obligations under various environmental and human rights treaties.

Increased participation of sub-national organizations in the UPR can also lead to a more comprehensive and localized understanding of how climate change impacts different communities. These organizations are often more attuned to the specific needs and challenges faced by local populations, making their input invaluable in shaping policies that are both effective and equitable.

States are expected to furnish information on the execution of recommendations they have previously accepted, including any voluntary commitments, and answer all recommendations made by their peers. Upholding human rights internationally and resolving abuses wherever they arise, the ultimate purpose of the UPR is still to improve human rights worldwide. It requires the complete cooperation of the State being reviewed.

The UPR is the only universal instrument that supports the efforts of all UN treaty bodies. It is an essential procedure for the national, regional, and international advancement of human rights. Notably, the UPR is a continual process rather than a one-time event that aims to improve each nation's human rights status in accordance with recognized guidelines.

ALIN prioritizes linking grassroots realities and national and international policy frameworks, contributing to more inclusive and representative climate justice outcomes.

By Lucy Ngandu

As technological advancements rapidly increase, the digital divide is widening leaving the most remote
areas in technological obscurity. In line with Kenyan Government Digital Masterplan (2022-2032), the
government in collaboration with other sector players plans to establish 25,000 public internet hotspots
to close the digital gap and democratize access to internet connectivity.
To not only contribute to this vision but also empower the community in Sipili, Laikipia County, the Arid
Lands Information Network (ALIN), a non-profit organization supporting communities in East Africa to
achieve food security and manage the effects of climate by providing practical and usable information
using ICTs, is collaborating with AHERINET to roll out a community network, ALINET. The building block
to this network was made possible through support the Association for Progressive Communication
(APC).
ALINET aims at providing high quality, safe and affordable broadband services in Sipili and its environs.
The community network, using licensed spectrum frequencies, has connected vital community centers
and business including the Ngarua Maarifa (knowledge) center, local administration headquarters, and
computer services and training providers.
The local administrator in charge of the Sipili Location, Chief Jane Njoki, successfully utilizes the ALINET
community network to electronically maintain essential documents and facilitate online government
services. With the technology infrastructure in place, ALIN, in collaboration with Humanitarian Open
Street Mapping, conducted a hybrid training for local youths on open street mapping. The resulting
open street map will not only enhance the community’s spatial awareness but also serve as a valuable
resource for future development initiatives. “As I entered this room I never knew how maps were
generated let alone generating an open street map but now I am in a position to map and gather
accurate data for my community” remarked Mr. Francis Mburu one of the young mappers from Sipili.

The project implementation started with an interactive community meeting involving representatives
drawn from different community groups and villages around Sipili the aim of this engagement being to
obtain an idea of the communities social and economic environments and also gathered their interests
and preferences. This is essential as this grassroots effort is sustained by locals who actively participate
in the maintenance and monitoring of the network, ensuring its relevance and reliability. ALINET has
since set up antennas, servers, and Wi-Fi infrastructure and connected various hotspots.
Mr. Simon Munyeki, ALIN`s Field Officer in Sipili emphasizes the community-centric approach, stating
“ALIN has structured the ownership of ALINET to rest with community members, encouraging them to
be responsible for its infrastructure and management while optimizing its meaningful utilization.” From
online communication for bodaboda (motorbike) riders to facilitating virtual meetings and virtual
learning, the network has become an essential tool for daily activities. Mrs. Susan Kigano a local
business owner, highlights how the network has enabled her to handle financial transactions seamlessly,
demonstrating its practical impact on economic activities.
While digital communication technologies were initially hailed as saviors, they have also played a role in
activities detrimental to communities. The telecom and internet industry, driven by profit motives, often
prioritizes speed and scale, contributing to a significant digital gap. The resulting digital divide leaves half
of the world’s population not connected.

In the face of these challenges, community networks like ALINET spark hope, demonstrating that
technology can empower rather than exploit. By focusing on local needs and fostering community
engagement, ALINET is creating a more just and sustainable world. The story of Sipili serves as an
inspiration, reminding us that true progress is measured not only in technological advancements but
also in the positive impact on the lives of the marginalized.